HIV video notes
HIV video notes
Asap science youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCC552Sd-3nyi_tk2BudLUzA
HIV targets variety of cells.
Specifically T helper cell - type of white blood cell.
Play essential role in immune system and fighting infections.
Glycoproteins - outer layer of HIV cells, mutate frequently, tricking t-cell receptors not to recognize the virus.
Once attached to t-cell proteins, fuses membranes, enters cell, releases 2 viral RNA strands and 3 essential replication enzymes.
HIV retrovirus = RNA is transcribed into DNA, new DNA integrated into host cell genome.
Therefore t-cells treat viral gene like their own= make more copies of the virus, new virus cells leave the t-cells and mature and find new t-cell hosts.
Virus hard to treat because high mutation rate. Replication process creates more than 10billion virions each day.
Latency period- person might not show symptoms for 8 years. Untreated HIV kills infected t-cells.
When t-cells fall below 2 hundred cells for cubic millimeter of blood, becomes to acquired immune deficiency syndrome,
Immune system depressed= susceptible to cancers and opportunistic infections,
People do not die from AIDS - they die from illness the body could not fight.
Daraprim (Martin Shkreli), Antiretroviral- slow virus down by blocking enzymes required for virus to multiply, preexposure propholactic- for people at risk for HIV.
Cure- some people immune to HIV because of mutation linked to t-cell.
HIV patient given bone marrow transplant - no evidence of virus in bloodstream. Indivudalized medicine, generates ability to fight HIV cells.
The intellectual implications of modern science. - book
All modern life on Earth uses three different types of biological molecules that each serve critical functions in the cell. Proteins are the workhorse of the cell and carry out diverse catalytic and structural roles, while the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, carry the genetic information that can be inherited from one generation to the next.
RNA, which stands for ribonucleic acid, is a polymeric molecule made up of one or more nucleotides. A strand of RNA can be thought of as a chain with a nucleotide at each chain link. Each nucleotide is made up of a base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, typically abbreviated as A, C, G and U), a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.
The structure of RNA nucleotides is very similar to that of DNA nucleotides, with the main difference being that the ribose sugar backbone in RNA has a hydroxyl (-OH) group that DNA does not. This gives DNA its name: DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Another minor difference is that DNA uses the base thymine (T) in place of uracil (U). Despite great structural similarities, DNA and RNA play very different roles from one another in modern cells.
RNA plays a central role in the pathway from DNA to proteins, known as the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology. An organism's genetic information is encoded as a linear sequence of bases in the cell's DNA. During the process known as transcription, a RNA copy of a segment of DNA, or messenger RNA (mRNA), is made. This strand of RNA can then be read by a ribosome to form a protein. RNAs also play important roles in protein synthesis, as will be discussed in the ribozyme section, as well as in gene regulation.
Another major difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is usually found in a double-stranded form in cells, while RNA is typically found in a single-stranded form, as shown in the illustration above. The lack of a paired strand allows RNA to fold into complex, three-dimensional structures. RNA folding is typically mediated by the same type of base-base interactions that are found in DNA, with the difference being that bonds are formed within a single strand in the case of RNA, rather than between two strands, in the case of DNA.
http://exploringorigins.org/rna.html
Amazing video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TipTogQT3E
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2012/925135/
file:///C:/Users/Dina/Downloads/925135.pdf
Asap science youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCC552Sd-3nyi_tk2BudLUzA
HIV targets variety of cells.
Specifically T helper cell - type of white blood cell.
Play essential role in immune system and fighting infections.
Glycoproteins - outer layer of HIV cells, mutate frequently, tricking t-cell receptors not to recognize the virus.
Once attached to t-cell proteins, fuses membranes, enters cell, releases 2 viral RNA strands and 3 essential replication enzymes.
HIV retrovirus = RNA is transcribed into DNA, new DNA integrated into host cell genome.
Therefore t-cells treat viral gene like their own= make more copies of the virus, new virus cells leave the t-cells and mature and find new t-cell hosts.
Virus hard to treat because high mutation rate. Replication process creates more than 10billion virions each day.
Latency period- person might not show symptoms for 8 years. Untreated HIV kills infected t-cells.
When t-cells fall below 2 hundred cells for cubic millimeter of blood, becomes to acquired immune deficiency syndrome,
Immune system depressed= susceptible to cancers and opportunistic infections,
People do not die from AIDS - they die from illness the body could not fight.
Daraprim (Martin Shkreli), Antiretroviral- slow virus down by blocking enzymes required for virus to multiply, preexposure propholactic- for people at risk for HIV.
Cure- some people immune to HIV because of mutation linked to t-cell.
HIV patient given bone marrow transplant - no evidence of virus in bloodstream. Indivudalized medicine, generates ability to fight HIV cells.
The intellectual implications of modern science. - book
All modern life on Earth uses three different types of biological molecules that each serve critical functions in the cell. Proteins are the workhorse of the cell and carry out diverse catalytic and structural roles, while the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, carry the genetic information that can be inherited from one generation to the next.
RNA, which stands for ribonucleic acid, is a polymeric molecule made up of one or more nucleotides. A strand of RNA can be thought of as a chain with a nucleotide at each chain link. Each nucleotide is made up of a base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, typically abbreviated as A, C, G and U), a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.
The structure of RNA nucleotides is very similar to that of DNA nucleotides, with the main difference being that the ribose sugar backbone in RNA has a hydroxyl (-OH) group that DNA does not. This gives DNA its name: DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Another minor difference is that DNA uses the base thymine (T) in place of uracil (U). Despite great structural similarities, DNA and RNA play very different roles from one another in modern cells.
RNA plays a central role in the pathway from DNA to proteins, known as the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology. An organism's genetic information is encoded as a linear sequence of bases in the cell's DNA. During the process known as transcription, a RNA copy of a segment of DNA, or messenger RNA (mRNA), is made. This strand of RNA can then be read by a ribosome to form a protein. RNAs also play important roles in protein synthesis, as will be discussed in the ribozyme section, as well as in gene regulation.
Another major difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is usually found in a double-stranded form in cells, while RNA is typically found in a single-stranded form, as shown in the illustration above. The lack of a paired strand allows RNA to fold into complex, three-dimensional structures. RNA folding is typically mediated by the same type of base-base interactions that are found in DNA, with the difference being that bonds are formed within a single strand in the case of RNA, rather than between two strands, in the case of DNA.
http://exploringorigins.org/rna.html
Amazing video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TipTogQT3E
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2012/925135/
file:///C:/Users/Dina/Downloads/925135.pdf
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